ANIMAL PRODUCTION

Livestock feeds are classified based on their nutrient content, source, and role in the diet.

1. Forages

• Definition: Plant materials eaten by grazing animals, rich in fiber.

• Examples: Grass, hay, silage, legumes (clover, alfalfa).

• Importance: Main source of fiber; essential for proper rumen function in ruminants.

• Use: Mostly fed to cattle, sheep, goats, and other ruminants.

2. Concentrates

• Definition: Feeds high in energy and/or protein but low in fiber.

• Types:

  • Energy Concentrates: Corn, barley, wheat, sorghum.

  • Protein Concentrates: Oilseed meals (soybean, cottonseed), fish meal.

• Importance: Provide concentrated energy and protein to support growth, reproduction, and lactation.

• Use: Supplement for all livestock, especially during high production phases.

3. Supplements

• Definition: Additives to correct nutrient deficiencies or improve feed utilization.

• Examples: Vitamins, minerals, salt blocks, feed additives.

• Importance: Ensure balanced nutrition and prevent deficiencies.

• Use: Given as needed based on feed analysis and animal requirements.

4. By-products

• Definition: Secondary products from food or industrial processing.

• Examples: Bran, molasses, beet pulp, brewers’ grains.

• Importance: Economical feed sources that can provide energy, protein, or fiber.

• Use: Incorporated into rations to reduce feeding costs.

5. Complete Feeds

• Definition: Formulated feeds containing all necessary nutrients.

• Examples: Commercial pelleted feeds for poultry, pigs, or dairy cattle.

• Importance: Simplifies feeding and ensures balanced diet.

• Use: Often used in intensive livestock systems.

Summary Table